工厂厂房的建设走过了木(mù材、粘土砖到混凝土结构的历程。当今发展的趋势是什么？我们以為(wèi)是钢结构与U型玻璃的组合。是21世纪的“绿色建筑” 。
1，我國(guó)钢结构建筑的发展
上世纪80年代初到90年代末，我國(guó)大城市兴起了??用(yòng)钢结构的高层钢结构建筑。那个时期约有(yǒu)近40幢的高层建筑，总面积约320万平米，钢材用(yòng)量约30万吨，耗资约600亿元。这个时期的代表作品是421米的上海金茂大厦，291米的深圳赛格大厦。主要钢材都是进口的A572，SM490B等型钢或板材。
从1996年起，舞钢，上钢等企业开始生产國(guó)用(yòng)钢，如中厚板，Z向性能(néng)钢板，并可(kě)按國(guó)外钢材标准生产供货。大连世贸中心就基本用(yòng)國(guó)产钢材。
与此同时，大型钢结构的厂房建筑得到了催生，如宝钢，鞍钢，武钢，首钢等。到2004年后，钢结构建筑的用(yòng)钢量达万吨1350万吨，约占全年钢产量的4.6%或更多(duō)。这里值得一提的是2008年的奥运场馆建设，如“鸟巢” ，“水立方” ，以及國(guó)家大剧院和央视新(xīn)台等建筑為(wèi)世人瞩目。
我们承认这个飞跃，但我们仍然应当正视当前在钢结构领域与國(guó)外的差距仍然很(hěn)大。
2，國(guó)外钢结构建筑的发展
总的来说，我國(guó)的钢结构用(yòng)钢无论在品种、规格、规模，性能(néng)等方面，与國(guó)外相比存在着差距。如高度，大规格的H型钢及高度超厚板(大于50mm)等还需进口。特别是钢结构的用(yòng)钢量在钢产量中所占的比例，发达國(guó)家普遍己达到30%，美國(guó)己达到51%。更為(wèi)我们关注的是，國(guó)外钢铁企业正追逐新(xīn)的“制高点”发展轻钢结构為(wèi)主要结构型式。促使这种发展的原因有(yǒu)以下几点：1，与水泥，混凝土相比，钢结构更有(yǒu)利于环境保护。2，钢结构技术成熟，并有(yǒu)与之配套的标准、设计、施工等软件等支撑。3，钢结构的工厂化生产具有(yǒu)相当规模。
综上来看，我们也应瞄准这个发展前沿奋起直追。
3，关于轻钢结构
所谓轻钢结构是指以焊接“H” 型钢做主梁，以薄壁型钢作檩条和圈梁，现场用(yòng)螺栓或焊接的门式钢架為(wèi)主要结构的建筑(关于屋面及墙體(tǐ)在后面叙述) 。这种轻钢建筑最大优点是便于工厂化生产，具有(yǒu)自重轻，适应性，如工业(厂房、仓库) 、商(shāng)业(商(shāng)场、旅馆) 及公用(yòng)建筑(學(xué)校、體(tǐ)育馆、展览馆、图书馆等) 。建设周期短，造价低也是一大亮点。
4，新(xīn)型墙體(tǐ)材料U型玻璃
该产品于1995年从德國(guó)引进。材料断面呈“U” 型，类似于槽钢一样的玻璃。由于其具有(yǒu)两条自成的两条肋边，所以具有(yǒu)刚性好??度高。同时玻璃表面压有(yǒu)细花(huā)纹，具有(yǒu)透光不透视的效果，安装时两条玻璃互相搭扣，组成类似中空的结构，然后依次排进框架。墙體(tǐ)的長(cháng)度方向上可(kě)无限展开，高度一般可(kě)达6米，整个建筑的外观气势宏伟。U玻具有(yǒu)节能(néng)保温、隔音的效果。常用(yòng)在建筑的外墙、安装迅捷、配套钢材或铝材少并具有(yǒu)独特的装饰效果，墙面不需作二次装饰。
The construction of factory building has gone through the process from wood, clay brick to concrete structure. What are the trends today? We thought it was a combination of steel and u-glass. It is the "green building" of the 21st century.
1. Development of steel structure architecture in China
From the beginning of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s, China's big cities emerged? High rise steel structure building with steel structure. During that period, there were nearly 40 high-rise buildings, with a total area of 3.2 million square meters, steel consumption of about 300,000 tons, and a cost of about 60 billion yuan. Representative works of this period are the 421-meter jinmao tower in Shanghai and 291-meter seg tower in shenzhen. The main steel are imported A572, SM490B and other steel or plate.
Since 1996, wugang, Shanghai steel and other enterprises began to produce steel, such as thick plate, Z to the performance of steel plate, and according to foreign steel standards production supply. Dalian world trade center on the basic use of domestic steel.
At the same time, large steel structure of the plant building has been given birth to, such as baosteel, angang, wuhan iron and steel, shougang. After 2004, the steel used in steel structure buildings reached 13.5 million tons, accounting for 4.6 percent or more of the annual steel output. It is worth mentioning that the 2008 Olympic stadium construction, such as the "bird's nest", "water cube", as well as the national center for the performing arts and CCTV new building for the world attention.
We recognize this leap, but we should still face up to the current steel structure in the field and the gap between foreign countries is still large.
2. Development of foreign steel structure buildings
In general, China's steel structure with steel in terms of varieties, specifications, size, performance and other aspects, compared with foreign countries, there is a gap. Such as height, large size of h-beam and height plate (more than 50mm) also need to be imported. In particular, the proportion of steel used in steel structure in steel output has reached 30% in developed countries and 51% in the United States. What we pay more attention to is that foreign steel enterprises are chasing the new "commanding point" to develop the light steel structure as the main structure. The reasons for this development are as follows: 1. Compared with cement and concrete, steel structure is more conducive to environmental protection. 2, the steel structure technology is mature, and has supporting standards, design, construction and other software. 3. The factory production of steel structure has a considerable scale.
To sum up, we should also aim at this frontier of development and catch up.
3. Light steel structure
The so-called light steel structure refers to the construction with welded "H" section steel as the main beam, thin wall section steel as the purlin and ring beam, site bolt or welded portal steel frame as the main structure (about the roof and wall are described in the back). The biggest advantage of this kind of light steel building is that it is convenient for factory production, has light weight and adaptability, such as industrial (workshop, warehouse), commercial (shopping mall, hotel) and public buildings (school, gymnasium, exhibition hall, library, etc.). Construction cycle is short, low cost is also a highlight.
4. New wall material u-shaped glass
The product was introduced from Germany in 1995. The material has a u-shaped section similar to that of channel steel. It is rigid because it has two self-formed ribs. Degree is high. At the same time, the glass surface is pressed with a fine pattern, which has the effect of light transmission and non-perspective. When installing, the two pieces of glass are buckled together to form a hollow structure, which is then arranged into the frame in turn. The length of the wall can be infinite, the height of up to 6 meters, the overall appearance of the building magnificent. U glass has the effect of energy saving heat preservation and sound insulation. Commonly used in the construction of external walls, installation fast, matching steel or aluminum material less and has a unique decorative effect, the wall does not need to make a second decoration.
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